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<title>Bernard Chidzero</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bernard Chidzero</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Bernard Chidzero</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="List_of_Finance_Ministers_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Finance Ministers of Zimbabwe">Finance Minister of Zimbabwe</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>1982–1995</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Tichaendepi Masaya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ariston Chambati</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Bernard Thomas Gibson Chidzero</div><br>1 July 1927</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 August 2002 (aged 75)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Bernard Thomas Gibson Chidzero</b> (1 July 1927<sup id="cite_ref-nzlist_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzlist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 8 August 2002) was a Zimbabwean economist, politician, and writer. He was independent Zimbabwe's second <a href="List_of_Finance_Ministers_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Finance Ministers of Zimbabwe">finance minister</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div>

<p>Bernard Thomas Gibson Chidzero was the eldest of seven children. His father, a <a href="Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawian</a>, James Kangolwa Imfa Idzalero, was originally from Ntchisi, in Malawi who walked to Rhodesia, in 1913, stopping over on tea estates in Southern Malawi as well as performing menial labour on the Beira-Dondo railway line. His mother Agnes Munhumumwe was from the <a href="Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a> people. Chidzero grew up primarily speaking chiShona, though by adulthood was also fluent in English.

Bernard Chidzero was raised in the Seke area of <a href="Chitungwiza" title="Chitungwiza">Chitungwiza</a>. He was schooled at primary school in Seke and then at <a href="Kutama_College" title="Kutama College">Kutama College</a> (a prestigious Roman Catholic high school), where he played in the school band alongside fellow pupil <a href="Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bond_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bond-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chidzero converted to Catholicism while at Kutama. He then attended St. Francis College in <a href="Mariannhill" title="Mariannhill">Mariannhill</a> in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-bond_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bond-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mariannhill_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mariannhill-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Chidzero obtained a degree in <a href="Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> from <a href="National_University_of_Lesotho#Pius_XII_Catholic_University_College" title="National University of Lesotho">Pius XII Catholic University College</a> in Lesotho, an MA in <a href="Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> from the <a href="University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a> in 1955,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1958 a PhD in political science from <a href="McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> in Montreal,<sup id="cite_ref-bond_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bond-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he married a French-Canadian woman.<sup id="cite_ref-bond_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bond-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hill_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>He then undertook two years post-graduate study at <a href="Nuffield_College%2C_Oxford" title="Nuffield College, Oxford">Nuffield College, Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bond_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bond-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early on Chidzero became interested in African politics and as a Pan Africanist he became friends, in the London African circuit, with future leaders including <a href="Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a>, <a href="Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>, <a href="Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda">Hastings Kamuzu Banda</a>, <a href="Seretse_Khama" title="Seretse Khama">Seretse Khama</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2></div>

<p>In 1957 Chidzero published a <a href="Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> novel <i><b>Nzvengamutsvairo</b></i> (the name has been translated from <a href="Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> as "Mr Lazy-Bones"<sup id="cite_ref-eoal_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Broom-Dodger"<sup id="cite_ref-bond_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bond-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) which detailed the condition of workers on Rhodesian farms and set out his vision of an integrated, racially tolerant society.<sup id="cite_ref-eoal_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Armed with a grant from the <a href="Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>, Chidzero returned to Rhodesia in 1960, intending to teach at the <a href="University_of_Zimbabwe" title="University of Zimbabwe">University of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a>; his offer to work there was withdrawn when the segregated university discovered the interracial nature of Chidzero's marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-bond_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bond-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Chidzero joined the United Nations in 1960. He began in the <a href="United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africa" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Africa">United Nations Economic Commission for Africa</a> as an economic affairs officer in <a href="Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a><sup id="cite_ref-bond_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bond-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unhist_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhist-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from 1963 to 1968 as an assistant to the UN Technical Assistance Board in <a href="Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bond_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bond-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unhist_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhist-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1968 to 1980 Chidzero worked for the <a href="United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a> (UNCTAD): from 1968 to 1977 he was the Director of Commodities and between 1977 and 1980 he served as UNCTAD's Deputy Secretary General<sup id="cite_ref-unhist_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhist-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brundtland_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brundtland-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>After the 1965 <a href="Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> by <a href="Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a>, Chidzero played a role in the early negotiations for Zimbabwe. He was part of the advisory team when <a href="Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</a> leader of Zimbabwe African People's Party visited London. The collapse of those talks, resulting in the split of <a href="ZAPU" class="mw-redirect" title="ZAPU">ZAPU</a> and <a href="Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" title="Zimbabwe African National Union">Zimbabwe African National Union</a> (ZANU), also marked a watershed in Chidzero's political allegiances. Increasingly, he teamed up with his former school- and band-mate <a href="Mugabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugabe">Mugabe</a>.

</p><p>Aware of impending violence in Zimbabwe, in 1970, Chidzero bought a farm in Malawi and moved his father and kinsfolk out of Rhodesia. On 21 December 1972 the first armed attack on a Rhodesian white settler took place in Centenary, <a href="Zambezi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi River">Zambezi River</a> escarpment. Meanwhile, during a visit to Malawi in 1972, Chidzero made overtures to his Pan African 'brother' and 'friend' <a href="Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda">Hastings Kamuzu Banda</a> to settle in Malawi when his United Nations tenure expired. Hastings Kamuzu Banda's response was an unequivocal refusal. Still, the farm in Malawi continued to serve, with the Malawi Government turning a blind eye, as an active Zimbabwean cell and staging point for many recruits heading for Morogoro training bases, in Tanzania.

</p><p>Following the <a href="Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a> Chidzero returned to Zimbabwe and, in 1980, he became the Minister of Economic Planning and Development. In the <a href="1985_Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election" title="1985 Zimbabwean parliamentary election">1985 election</a> he was elected as the Member of Parliament for <a href="Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>, representing <a href="Zimbabwe_African_National_Union_%E2%80%93_Patriotic_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front">ZANU-PF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unhist_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhist-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the election he was promoted to be the Minister of Finance, succeeding Tichaendepi Masaya.

</p><p>He was Chairman of the Development Committee of the World Bank from 1986 to 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-worldbank_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldbank-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of the <a href="Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">World Commission on Environment and Development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brundtland_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brundtland-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Back home he designed and implemented the Zimbabwean version of the <a href="Structural_Adjustment_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Adjustment Programme">Structural Adjustment Programme</a>; in the process earning himself the wrath of certain <a href="ZANU-PF" class="mw-redirect" title="ZANU-PF">ZANU-PF</a> stalwarts who considered his economic programs ill-timed and denying them access to 'rewards of their war effort'.

</p><p>In 1990, aware of the disaster that the Zimbabwean economy was headed for and vilified and accused for SAP's 'failures' by those within the ruling party, a frustrated Chidzero ran for election to the post of <a href="Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a>. Chidzero was supported by the United Kingdom and many <a href="Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries, but was defeated by <a href="Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbg_unvanquished_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbg_unvanquished-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Throughout 1991 and 1992, Chidzero said the only foreign country to really help Zimbabwe financially was the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, Chidzero attributed this to the decision's of Prime Minister <a href="John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>, who Chidzero said "Refused to give up on Zimbabwe after most of the west had basically decided to do so." Chidzero went on to say "The British always answered the phone when we called. The Americans mostly did, at least before 1993. The French basically never did, and when they did they never gave a straight answer on anything."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chidzero's health began to fail in 1993 and he stepped down as finance minister in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-bond_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bond-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernard Chidzero died in the Avenues Clinic in Harare in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-herald_obit_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herald_obit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in the <a href="National_Heroes'_Acre_(Zimbabwe)" title="National Heroes' Acre (Zimbabwe)">Heroes' Acre</a> in Harare.<sup id="cite_ref-norman_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norman-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>Nzvengamutsvairo</i>, 1957</li>

<li><i>Partnership in practice</i>, Sword of the Spirit, 1960</li>

<li><i>Tanganyika and international trusteeship</i>, Oxford University Press, 1961</li>

<li><i>The imperative of international co-operation</i>, East African Publishing for East African Academy, 1966</li>

<li><i>Education and the challenge of independence</i>, International University Exchange Fund, 1977</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBond1998" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Patrick (22 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lKtEzp7Bk_gC"><i>Uneven Zimbabwe: A Study of Finance, Development, and Underdevelopment</i></a>. Africa World Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780865435391</bdi> – via Google Books.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nzlist-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nzlist_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720092105/http://www.immigration.govt.nz/opsmanual/7754.htm">"List of persons closely associated with Robert Mugabe... (08/06/2005)"</a>. <a href="Immigration_New_Zealand" title="Immigration New Zealand">Immigration New Zealand</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immigration.govt.nz/opsmanual/7754.htm">the original</a> on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bond-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bond_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bond_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bond_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bond_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bond_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bond_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bond_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bond_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bond_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bond_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Bond1998" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Bond (1998). <i>Uneven Zimbabwe: a study of finance, development, and underdevelopment</i>. Africa World Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-86543-538-4</bdi>.</cite> </span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-mariannhill-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mariannhill_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623232309/http://www.stfranciscollegemariannhill.co.za/pages/19865">"About St. Francis' College"</a>. St.Francis' College Mariannhill website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stfranciscollegemariannhill.co.za/pages/19865">the original</a> on 23 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archives of the University of Ottawa, Fonds 77 Strategic Enrollment Management, List of Graduates 1955.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-hill-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hill_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGeoff_Hill2003" class="citation book cs1">Geoff Hill (2003). <i>The battle for Zimbabwe: the final countdown</i>. Zebra Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-86872-652-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-eoal-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eoal_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eoal_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGikandi2003" class="citation book cs1">Gikandi, Simon (2003). "Chidzero, Bernard". <i>Encyclopedia of African Literature</i>. Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-415-23019-3</bdi>.</cite> </span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-unhist-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unhist_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhist_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhist_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhist_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhistory.org/CD/Chidzero.html">"Bernard T.G. Chidzero"</a>. United Nations Intellectual History Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-brundtland-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brundtland_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brundtland_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-a2.htm#I">"Our Common Future, Annexe 2: The Commission and its Work :: The Commissioners"</a>. United Nations.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-worldbank-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-worldbank_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DEVCOMMEXT/0,,contentMDK:20121811~menuPK:60001655~pagePK:64000837~piPK:64000843~theSitePK:277473,00.html">"List of Chairmen"</a>. World Bank website<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bbg_unvanquished-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbg_unvanquished_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBoutros_Boutros-Ghali1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a> (1999). <i>Unvanquished: A U.S.-U.N. Saga</i>. <a href="Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8129-9204-5</bdi>.</cite> </span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Foreign Policy of Zimbabwe by Ulf Engel</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-herald_obit-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-herald_obit_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Grundy2002" class="citation news cs1">Trevor Grundy (12 August 2002). "Bernard Chidzero (obituary)". <i><a href="The_Herald_(Zimbabwe)" title="The Herald (Zimbabwe)">The Herald</a></i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-norman-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-norman_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Norman2004" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Norman (8 February 2004). <i>Robert Mugabe and the betrayal of Zimbabwe</i>. McFarland. p. 144. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7864-1686-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_finance_of_Zimbabwe_and_its_antecedents492" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><div id="Ministers_of_finance_of_Zimbabwe_and_its_antecedents492" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_finance_ministers_of_Zimbabwe" title="List of finance ministers of Zimbabwe">Ministers of finance</a> of <a href="Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and <a href="Ministry_of_Finance_(Rhodesia)" title="Ministry of Finance (Rhodesia)">its antecedents</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> (1923–1965)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>Senior</li>

<li><a href="Ernest_Lucas_Guest" title="Ernest Lucas Guest">Guest</a></li>

<li><a href="Godfrey_Huggins" title="Godfrey Huggins">Huggins</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Danziger" title="Max Danziger">Danziger</a></li>

<li><a href="Godfrey_Huggins" title="Godfrey Huggins">Huggins</a></li>

<li>Fereday</li>

<li><a href="Ernest_Lucas_Guest" title="Ernest Lucas Guest">Guest</a></li>

<li><a href="Godfrey_Huggins" title="Godfrey Huggins">Huggins</a></li>

<li><a href="Edgar_Whitehead" title="Edgar Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernest_Lucas_Guest" title="Ernest Lucas Guest">Guest</a></li>

<li>Fletcher</li>

<li><a href="Godfrey_Huggins" title="Godfrey Huggins">Huggins</a></li>

<li>Fletcher</li>

<li><a href="Godfrey_Huggins" title="Godfrey Huggins">Huggins</a></li>

<li>Fletcher</li>

<li><a href="John_Moore_Caldicott" title="John Moore Caldicott">Caldicott</a></li>

<li>Davenport</li>

<li><a href="Donald_MacIntyre_(Rhodesian_politician)" title="Donald MacIntyre (Rhodesian politician)">MacIntyre</a></li>

<li>Hatty</li>

<li>Davenport</li>

<li>Fletcher</li>

<li>Brown</li>

<li>Abrahamson</li>

<li>Hatty</li>

<li><a href="Edgar_Whitehead" title="Edgar Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li>

<li>Brown</li>

<li><a href="Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Harper_(Rhodesian_politician)" title="William Harper (Rhodesian politician)">Harper</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Wrathall" title="John Wrathall">Wrathall</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> (1953–1963)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Donald_MacIntyre_(Rhodesian_politician)" title="Donald MacIntyre (Rhodesian politician)">MacIntyre</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Moore_Caldicott" title="John Moore Caldicott">Caldicott</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> under <a href="Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">UDI</a> (1965–1979)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_Wrathall" title="John Wrathall">John Wrathall</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Colville_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="David Colville Smith">David Colville Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernest_Bulle" title="Ernest Bulle">Ernest Bulle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a> under <a href="Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">UDI</a> (1979)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="David_Colville_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="David Colville Smith">David Colville Smith</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> (1979–1980)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="David_Colville_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="David Colville Smith">David Colville Smith</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> (1980–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Masaya</li>

<li>Chambati</li>

<li><a href="Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Mnangagwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Murerwa" title="Herbert Murerwa">Murerwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Simba_Makoni" title="Simba Makoni">Makoni</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Murerwa" title="Herbert Murerwa">Murerwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Christopher_Kuruneri" title="Christopher Kuruneri">Kuruneri</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Murerwa" title="Herbert Murerwa">Murerwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Mumbengegwi" title="Samuel Mumbengegwi">Mumbengegwi</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Chinamasa" title="Patrick Chinamasa">Chinamasa</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignatius_Chombo" title="Ignatius Chombo">Chombo</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Chinamasa" title="Patrick Chinamasa">Chinamasa</a></li>

<li><a href="Mthuli_Ncube" title="Mthuli Ncube">Ncube</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_3rd_Parliament_of_Zimbabwe_(1990–1995)397" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Members_of_the_3rd_Parliament_of_Zimbabwe_(1990–1995)397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the 3rd Parliament of Zimbabwe (1990–1995)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><a href="List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Zimbabwe">Speaker</a>:</b> Nolan Makombe (<a href="ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a>); <b>Deputy Speaker:</b> <a href="Naison_Ndlovu" title="Naison Ndlovu">Naison Ndlovu</a> (<a href="ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Baloyi</li>

<li>Bhebhe</li>

<li>Chafesuka</li>

<li>Chavunduka</li>

<li>Chidawu</li>

<li>Chikowore</li>

<li><a href="Chenhamo_Chimutengwende" title="Chenhamo Chimutengwende">Chimutengwende</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruth_Chinamano" title="Ruth Chinamano">Chinamano</a></li>

<li>Chinamasa</li>

<li>Chindanya</li>

<li><a href="Mabel_Chinomona" title="Mabel Chinomona">Chinomona</a></li>

<li>Chipango</li>

<li>Chipitiri</li>

<li>Chitauro</li>

<li><a href="Victoria_Chitepo" title="Victoria Chitepo">Chitepo</a></li>

<li>Chivende</li>

<li><a href="Fay_Chung" title="Fay Chung">Chung</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Culverwell" title="Joseph Culverwell">Culverwell</a> (<a href="Stan_Mudenge" title="Stan Mudenge">Mudenge</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Dumiso_Dabengwa" title="Dumiso Dabengwa">Dabengwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Margaret_Dongo" title="Margaret Dongo">Dongo</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Hewlett" title="Peter Hewlett">Hewlett</a></li>

<li>Hughes (C. Ushewokunze)</li>

<li>Hundermark</li>

<li>Hungwe</li>

<li>Kadungure</li>

<li>Kangai</li>

<li>Kaparadza</li>

<li><a href="David_Karimanzira" title="David Karimanzira">Karimanzira</a></li>

<li>Katsande</li>

<li><a href="Simon_Khaya-Moyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Khaya-Moyo">Khaya-Moyo</a></li>

<li>Khumalo</li>

<li>Kufandada</li>

<li>Kwenda</li>

<li>Kwidini</li>

<li><a href="Thenjiwe_Lesabe" title="Thenjiwe Lesabe">Lesabe</a></li>

<li>Mabhena</li>

<li>Machaya</li>

<li>Macheka</li>

<li>Machinga</li>

<li><a href="Edna_Madzongwe" title="Edna Madzongwe">Madzongwe</a></li>

<li><a href="Moven_Mahachi" title="Moven Mahachi">Mahachi</a></li>

<li>Mahofa</li>

<li>Malianga</li>

<li>Maluleke</li>

<li>Malunga</li>

<li>Mandaba</li>

<li>Mandebvu</li>

<li>Mangisi</li>

<li>A. Mangwende</li>

<li>H. Mangwende</li>

<li><a href="Witness_Mangwende" title="Witness Mangwende">W. Mangwende</a></li>

<li>Marange</li>

<li>Marara</li>

<li>Marime</li>

<li>Marombe</li>

<li>Marongwe</li>

<li>Marwizi</li>

<li>Marwodzi</li>

<li><a href="Ephraim_Masawi" title="Ephraim Masawi">Masawi</a></li>

<li>Masaya</li>

<li><a href="Eliah_Masiyane" title="Eliah Masiyane">Masiyane</a></li>

<li><a href="Angeline_Masuku" title="Angeline Masuku">Masuku</a></li>

<li>Mataga</li>

<li>Matchaba-Hove</li>

<li>Mataure</li>

<li>Mavhaire</li>

<li>Mbowa</li>

<li>Mkwananzi</li>

<li><a href="Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Mnangagwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Kembo_Mohadi" title="Kembo Mohadi">Mohadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Swithun_Mombeshora" title="Swithun Mombeshora">Mombeshora</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Msika" title="Joseph Msika">Msika</a></li>

<li><a href="Simbi_Mubako" title="Simbi Mubako">Mubako</a></li>

<li>Muchemwa</li>

<li><a href="Oppah_Muchinguri" title="Oppah Muchinguri">Muchinguri</a></li>

<li>Mudamburi</li>

<li>Mudariki</li>

<li>Mudukuti</li>

<li>I. Mugabe</li>

<li><a href="Sabina_Mugabe" title="Sabina Mugabe">S. Mugabe</a></li>

<li>Mugwagwa</li>

<li>Mugwangwavari</li>

<li>Mujana</li>

<li><a href="Joice_Mujuru" title="Joice Mujuru">Mujuru</a></li>

<li>Munyero</li>

<li>Mupezeni</li>

<li>Mupfudza</li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Murerwa" title="Herbert Murerwa">Murerwa</a></li>

<li>Mushonga</li>

<li><a href="Didymus_Mutasa" title="Didymus Mutasa">Mutasa</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Muzenda" title="Simon Muzenda">Muzenda</a></li>

<li>Ncube</li>

<li>Ndebele</li>

<li>J. Ndlovu</li>

<li><a href="Naison_Ndlovu" title="Naison Ndlovu">N. Ndlovu</a></li>

<li>R. Ndlovu</li>

<li><a href="John_Nkomo" title="John Nkomo">John Nkomo</a></li>

<li><a href="Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</a></li>

<li>S. Nkomo</li>

<li>Nyamaropa</li>

<li>Nyandoro</li>

<li>Nyashanu</li>

<li>Nyikadzino</li>

<li>Nzarayebani</li>

<li><a href="Kantibhai_Patel" title="Kantibhai Patel">Patel</a></li>

<li>Rosenfels</li>

<li>Ruzive</li>

<li><a href="Sydney_Sekeramayi" title="Sydney Sekeramayi">Sekeramayi</a></li>

<li>Senda</li>

<li><a href="Nathan_Shamuyarira" title="Nathan Shamuyarira">Shamuyarira</a></li>

<li>Siachimbo</li>

<li>Sibanda</li>

<li><a href="Timothy_Stamps" title="Timothy Stamps">Stamps</a></li>

<li>Tongogara</li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Ushewokunze" title="Herbert Ushewokunze">H. Ushewokunze</a></li>

<li>Zikhali</li>

<li><a href="Eddison_Zvobgo" title="Eddison Zvobgo">Zvobgo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Zimbabwe_Unity_Movement" title="Zimbabwe Unity Movement">ZUM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Mushakavanhu</li>

<li>Sithole</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Zimbabwe_African_National_Union_%E2%80%93_Ndonga" title="Zimbabwe African National Union – Ndonga">ZANU–Ndonga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Zengeni</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Andersen</li>

<li><a href="Denis_Norman" title="Denis Norman">Norman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Zimbabwe_Council_of_Chiefs" title="Zimbabwe Council of Chiefs">Chiefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Charumbira</li>

<li>Chundu</li>

<li>Jahana</li>

<li>Kasekete</li>

<li>Mangwende</li>

<li>Matupula</li>

<li>Mutoko</li>

<li>Musikavanhu</li>

<li>Nyangazonke</li>

<li>Sengwe</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_1st_Parliament_of_Zimbabwe_(1980–1985)217" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Members_of_the_1st_Parliament_of_Zimbabwe_(1980–1985)217" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the 1st Parliament of Zimbabwe (1980–1985)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe" title="Prime Minister of Zimbabwe">Prime Minister</a>:</b> <a href="Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> (<a href="ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a>); <b>Leader of the Opposition:</b> <a href="Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a> (<a href="Rhodesian_Front" title="Rhodesian Front">RF</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Senate306" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Senate_of_Zimbabwe" title="Senate of Zimbabwe">Senate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><a href="List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Zimbabwe" title="List of presidents of the Senate of Zimbabwe">President</a>:</b> Nolan Makombe (<a href="ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a>); <b>Deputy President:</b> <a href="Kayisa_Ndiweni" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayisa Ndiweni">Kayisa Ndiweni</a> (<a href="ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a>)</li></ul>

<ul>

<li>Chinengundu</li>

<li>Chivende</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Culverwell" title="Joseph Culverwell">Culverwell</a></li>

<li>Hungwe</li>

<li>Makanda</li>

<li>Makunde</li>

<li><a href="Simbi_Mubako" title="Simbi Mubako">Mubako</a></li>

<li>Munyati</li>

<li>A. Ndlovu</li>

<li>M. Ndlovu</li>

<li><a href="Enos_Nkala" title="Enos Nkala">Nkala</a></li>

<li>Shoniwa</li>

<li>Takawira</li>

<li><a href="Rekayi_Tangwena" title="Rekayi Tangwena">Tangwena</a></li>

<li>Ziyambi</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rhodesian_Front" title="Rhodesian Front">Rhodesian Front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Ankers</li>

<li>Blunt</li>

<li>Clark</li>

<li><a href="Ken_Fleming_(politician)" title="Ken Fleming (politician)">Fleming</a></li>

<li><a href="Douglas_Hamilton_Ritchie" title="Douglas Hamilton Ritchie">Hamilton Ritchie</a> (<a href="Archibald_Wilson" title="Archibald Wilson">Wilson</a>; Scott)</li>

<li><a href="George_Hartley_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Hartley (politician)">Hartley</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_Mussett" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Mussett">Mussett</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Partridge" title="Mark Partridge">Partridge</a></li>

<li>Savage (Grubb)</li>

<li>Whaley</li>

<li>(Rosenfels)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Zimbabwe_African_People's_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">ZAPU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Joseph_Msika" title="Joseph Msika">Msika</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Denis_Norman" title="Denis Norman">Norman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chiefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Chingoma</li>

<li>Chitanga</li>

<li>Dakamela</li>

<li>Mukarati</li>

<li>Gwebu</li>

<li>Mashayamombe</li>

<li>Msikavanhu</li>

<li><a href="Kayisa_Ndiweni" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayisa Ndiweni">Ndiweni</a></li>

<li>Nyati</li>

<li>Ncube</li>

<li>Whata</li>

<li>(Charumbira)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="House_of_Assembly331" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="National_Assembly_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Assembly of Zimbabwe">House of Assembly</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><a href="List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Zimbabwe">Speaker</a>:</b> <a href="Didymus_Mutasa" title="Didymus Mutasa">Didymus Mutasa</a> (<a href="ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a>); <b>Deputy Speaker:</b> <a href="Simbarashe_Mumbengegwi" title="Simbarashe Mumbengegwi">Simbarashe Mumbengegwi</a> (<a href="ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a>)</li></ul>

<ul><li>Bassopo-Moyo</li>

<li><a href="Godfrey_Chidyausiku" title="Godfrey Chidyausiku">Chidyausiku</a></li>

<li>Chikowore</li>

<li><a href="Victoria_Chitepo" title="Victoria Chitepo">Chitepo</a></li>

<li>Chivaura</li>

<li>Dhube</li>

<li>Hunda</li>

<li>Kabasa</li>

<li>Kadungure</li>

<li>Kangai</li>

<li>Kaparadza</li>

<li><a href="Moven_Mahachi" title="Moven Mahachi">Mahachi</a></li>

<li>Makombe</li>

<li>C. Makoni</li>

<li><a href="Simba_Makoni" title="Simba Makoni">S. Makoni</a></li>

<li>Mamutse</li>

<li><a href="Witness_Mangwende" title="Witness Mangwende">Mangwende</a></li>

<li>Manyika</li>

<li>Marere</li>

<li>Masango (Malianga)</li>

<li>Mativenga</li>

<li>Mavhaire</li>

<li>Mawema</li>

<li><a href="Simon_Mazorodze" title="Simon Mazorodze">Mazorodze</a></li>

<li>Mombeshora</li>

<li><a href="Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Mnangagwa</a></li>

<li>Mudzingwa</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li>

<li><a href="Joice_Mujuru" title="Joice Mujuru">Mujuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Mumbengegwi" title="Samuel Mumbengegwi">Mumbengegwi</a></li>

<li>Munyaradzi</li>

<li>Murambiwa</li>

<li><a href="Didymus_Mutasa" title="Didymus Mutasa">Mutasa</a></li>

<li>Mutumbuka</li>

<li><a href="Simon_Muzenda" title="Simon Muzenda">Muzenda</a></li>

<li>Mvenge</li>

<li>Ndangana</li>

<li><a href="Naomi_Nhiwatiwa" title="Naomi Nhiwatiwa">Nhiwatiwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Nyagumbo" title="Maurice Nyagumbo">Nyagumbo</a></li>

<li>Nyazika</li>

<li>Pswarayi</li>

<li>Rambanepasi</li>

<li>Rutanhire</li>

<li>Sanyangare</li>

<li><a href="Sydney_Sekeramayi" title="Sydney Sekeramayi">Sekeramayi</a></li>

<li><a href="Nathan_Shamuyarira" title="Nathan Shamuyarira">Shamuyarira</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederick_Shava" title="Frederick Shava">Shava</a></li>

<li>Shirihuru</li>

<li>Taderera</li>

<li><a href="Sheba_Tavarwisa" title="Sheba Tavarwisa">Tavarwisa</a></li>

<li><a href="Edgar_Tekere" title="Edgar Tekere">Tekere</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Ushewokunze" title="Herbert Ushewokunze">Ushewokunze</a></li>

<li>Ziyenge</li>

<li><a href="Eddison_Zvobgo" title="Eddison Zvobgo">E. Zvobgo</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_Tukai_Zvobgo" title="Julia Tukai Zvobgo">J. Zvobgo</a></li>

<li>(Jekanyika)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Zimbabwe_African_People's_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">ZAPU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Chambati (<a href="Josiah_Chinamano" title="Josiah Chinamano">J. Chinamano</a>; Mano)</li>

<li><a href="Ruth_Chinamano" title="Ruth Chinamano">R. Chinamano</a></li>

<li><a href="Thenjiwe_Lesabe" title="Thenjiwe Lesabe">Lesabe</a></li>

<li>Malunga</li>

<li>Mangena (<a href="Mutanga" title="Mutanga">Mutanga</a>)</li>

<li>Mguni</li>

<li><a href="Cephas_Msipa" title="Cephas Msipa">Msipa</a></li>

<li>Muchachi</li>

<li>A. Ndlovu</li>

<li><a href="Callistus_Ndlovu" title="Callistus Ndlovu">C. Ndlovu</a></li>

<li>E. Ndlovu</li>

<li>D. Ngwenya</li>

<li><a href="Jane_Ngwenya" title="Jane Ngwenya">J. Ngwenya</a></li>

<li>Njini</li>

<li><a href="John_Nkomo" title="John Nkomo">John Nkomo</a></li>

<li><a href="Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</a></li>

<li>S. Nkomo</li>

<li><a href="Jini_Ntuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jini Ntuta">Ntuta</a></li>

<li>(Mpofu)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rhodesian_Front" title="Rhodesian Front">Rhodesian Front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Andersen</li>

<li>Butler</li>

<li>Cartwright</li>

<li><a href="Rowan_Cronj%C3%A9" title="Rowan Cronjé">Cronjé</a> (Berkhout)</li>

<li>Divaris</li>

<li>Elsworth</li>

<li>Gaunt (Thrush)</li>

<li>Goddard (Field)</li>

<li>Holland (York)</li>

<li>Irvine</li>

<li><a href="John_Landau" title="John Landau">Landau</a></li>

<li>Micklem</li>

<li>Moseley (Chalmers)</li>

<li>Shields</li>

<li><a href="David_Smith_(Rhodesian_politician)" title="David Smith (Rhodesian politician)">D. Smith</a> (Probert)</li>

<li><a href="Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">I. Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Wally_Stuttaford" title="Wally Stuttaford">Stuttaford</a> (Nixon)</li>

<li>Tapson (<a href="Jock_Kay" title="Jock Kay">Kay</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Denis_Walker" title="Denis Walker">Walker</a> (Cumming)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_African_National_Council" title="United African National Council">UANC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Mukarati</li>

<li>Mundawarara</li>

<li><a href="Abel_Muzorewa" title="Abel Muzorewa">Muzorewa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2897691#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1081" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2897691#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1081" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000084089671">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/111713267">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjmWDDH7tMcwwkBTVrpfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/170552403">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85141541">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071304851">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sx74k6">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/bf436a54-765f-4e2f-8e52-2b86ef0dc0f8">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-19" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Bernard_Chidzero&oldid=1276508707">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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